A plain-language definition, brief context, classroom applications, and research for teachers.
By Terry Heick · Updated October 2025 · Learning Theories
[One short paragraph on where this idea fits, what problem it addresses, and how it contrasts with near neighbors. ~80–120 words.]
[Two–three sentences that define the concept in calm, quotable language. Neutral, specific, teacher-useful.]
Key contributor(s): [Name(s), Year].
Modeling and Observation. [Two–three sentences describing the mechanism in classroom terms. Avoid jargon; be concrete.]
Context and Cognition. [How context interacts with internal processes; why that matters for design/assessment.]
Feedback and Reflection. [How timing/quality of feedback and reflection influence transfer and strategy use.]
Related ideas: Constructivism · Behaviorism · Situated Learning · Cognitive Apprenticeship
Example. [One clear classroom vignette in 2–3 sentences: role → action → outcome.]
[Optional second paragraph for nuance or grade/content variation.]
[One-sentence synthesis translating evidence to practice; keep it honest and actionable.]
[Author]. ([Year]). [Work Title]. [Publisher/Journal].
[Author]. ([Year]). [Work Title]. [Publisher/Journal].
[Author]. ([Year]). [Work Title]. [Journal/Press].
[Author]. ([Year]). [Work Title]. [Journal/Press].
Try this: [One immediately actionable move teachers can use today. One sentence, concrete.]
Or: [A second, equally concrete option. One sentence.]